| Operation Ladbroke | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of World War II, Operation Husky | |||||||
Sicily (in red) |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| United Kingdom | Italy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Brigadier Philip Hicks | Vice Admiral Primo Leonardi | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| 1st Airlanding Brigade | 385th Coastal Battalion 1st Battalion, 75th (Napoli) Infantry Regiment |
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| Strength | |||||||
| 2,075 | unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 313 killed and 174 missing or wounded | unknown | ||||||
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Operation Ladbroke was a glider landing of British airborne forces near Syracuse, Sicily, that began on 9 July 1943 as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily. The first Allied mission using large numbers of the aircraft, the operation was carried out from Tunisia by the 1st Airlanding Brigade, with a force of 144 Waco gliders and six Horsa gliders. The objective was to establish a large invasion force on the ground near the town of Syracuse, secure the Ponte Grande Bridge and ultimately take control of the city itself with its strategically vital docks, as a prelude to the full-scale invasion of Sicily.
On route to Sicily sixty-five gliders released early by the American and British towing aircraft crashed into the sea, drowning approximately 252 men. Of the remainder only eighty-seven men arrived at the Pont Grande Bridge, though they successfully captured the bridge and held it beyond the time they were to be relieved. Finally, with their ammunition expended and only fifteen soldiers remaining unwounded, the Allied troops surrendered to Italian forces. The Italians, having gained control of the bridge, sought to destroy the structure, but were frustrated by 1st Brigade fighters who had removed the previously attached explosive charges. Other troops from the airlanding brigade, who had landed elsewhere in Sicily aided further by destroying communications links and capturing gun batteries.
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By December 1942, with Allied forces advancing through Tunisia the North African campaign was coming to a close; with victory in North Africa imminent, discussions began among the Allies regarding the nature of their next objective.[1] Many Americans argued for an immediate invasion of France, while the British, as well as General Dwight D. Eisenhower,[2] argued that the island of Sardinia was the best subsequent target of the Allied troops.[1] In January 1943 Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt settled at the Casablanca conference on the island of Sicily,[1] whose invasion and occupation could potentially provide the Allies with Mediterranean shipping routes and airfields nearer to mainland Italy and Germany.[3] The codename Operation Husky was decided upon for the invasion, and planning began in February. Initially the British, Eighth Army under the command of General Bernard Montgomery, were to land on the south-eastern corner of the island and advance north to the port of Syracuse. Two days later the American Seventh Army commanded by General George Patton would land on the western corner of the island and move towards the port of Palermo.[1]
In March it was decided that the American 82nd Airborne Division and the British 1st Airborne Division would be dropped by parachute and glider just prior to the amphibious landings; they would land a few miles behind the beaches and neutralize their defenders, thereby aiding the landing of the Allied ground forces.[1][4] However, in early May these directives were heavily altered at the insistence of General Montgomery; he argued that with Allied forces landing separately at either end of the island, the defending Axis forces would have the opportunity to defeat each Allied Army in turn before both could unite.[1] Instead the plans were altered to land both the Eighth Seventh Armies simultaneously along a 100 miles (160 km) stretch of coastline on Sicily's south-eastern corner.[5] At the same time, the plans for the two airborne divisions were also adjusted; Montgomery believed that the airborne troops should be landed near Syracuse, so that they could seize the valuable port. 82nd Airborne Division commander Maxwell D. Taylor further asserted that dropping behind the island's beaches and overcoming its defences was not a suitable mission for the airborne troops, as they were only lightly armed and vulnerable to friendly fire of the planned Allied naval bombardment.[6] In the revised blueprint for the airborne divisions, a reinforced regimental combat team from the 82nd Airborne Division would be dropped by parachute north-east of the port of Gela to block the movement of Axis reserves towards the Allied beachheads.[6] The 1st Airborne Division was now to conduct three brigade-size airborne operations: the Ponte Grande road bridge south of Syracuse was to be captured by the 1st Airlanding Brigade, the port of Augusta was to be seized by 2nd Parachute Brigade, and finally the Primasole Bridge over the River Simeto was to be taken and secured by the 1st Parachute Brigade.[7]
As there were insufficient transport aircraft for all three brigades to conduct their operations simultaneously, it was decided that the first operation would be Ladbroke, whose objective was the capture of the Ponte Grande Bridge.[8] The mission, under the command of Brigadier Philip Hicks, was be conducted just prior to the amphibious landings, on the night of 9 July, while the remaining two operations took place on the successive two nights.[8] The 1st Airlanding Brigade was also given the additional tasks of capturing Syracuse harbour and the urban area that adjoined it, and either destroying or confiscating a coastal artillery battery that was in range of amphibious landings.[9] When training began for the operation, difficulties immediately arose. The original plan for the airborne operations had called for all three to employ parachutists, but in May Montgomery altered the plan; after determining that airborne troops would be a considerable distance from Allied ground forces, he believed that the force sent to capture Syracuse would be served best by gliders in order to provide them with the maximum possible amount of fire power.[10] His airborne advisor, Group Captain Cooper of the Royal Air Force, argued that a glider landing conducted at night with inexperienced aircrews was not practical, but the decision was left unchanged.[10] Montgomery's orders raised several issues, the first with the transport aircraft of the Troop Carrier Wings assigned to the airborne operations. When they had arrived in North Africa, it had been decided that the 52nd Troop Carrier Wing would operate with 1st Airborne Division and its counterpart, the 51st, with 82nd Airborne Division.[10] A few weeks later this arrangement was switched, with the 52nd now operating with 82nd Airborne Division and the 51st with 1st Airborne Division; this seemed a logical decision, as each Wing had operational experience with the division it had been paired with. However, the decision to turn the Syracuse assault into a glider-based one was problematic; the 51st had practically no glider experience, whilst the 52nd had much more but was already training for a parachute-based mission. To switch both was impractical and would have led to a number of problems, which left 1st Airborne Division, and thus 1st Airlanding Brigade, with an inexperienced Troop Carrier Wing.[11]
Further problems were encountered with the gliders to be used in the operation, and the glider pilots themselves. Until a few months prior to the operation, there was a notable shortage of serviceable gliders in North Africa. In late March a small number of Waco gliders arrived at Accra on the Gold Coast, but pilots sent to ferry them to North Africa found that they were in a poor condition. Due to neglect and the deleterious effects of tropical weather, the pilots were able to assemble only a small number of Wacos and fly them back on 22 April.[12] On 23 April, a larger number of Waco gliders began to arrive in North African ports, but were not immediately available for use as the crates storing them were unloaded haphazardly, instructions were often found to be missing, and those assigned to assemble the gliders were often inexperienced.[12] However, when the decision was made to conduct a glider-borne assault with 1st Airlanding Brigade, the assembly was quickened, and by 12 June 346 gliders had been put together and delivered to the Troop Carrier Wings.[12] A small number of Horsa gliders were transported to North Africa for use by the brigade, and thirty took off from England and undertook a trip of approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) in Operation Turkey Buzzard.[13] After attacks from Luftwaffe fighter patrols and experiencing often turbulent weather, a total of 27 Horsas were delivered to North Africa in time for the operation.[14]
When sufficient gliders had arrived in North Africa, however, they were not all usable even in training; on 16 June, most of the gliders were grounded for repairs, and on 30 June, large numbers of gliders had developed weaknesses in their tail-wiring, necessitating another grounding period of three days.[12] Given these problems and delays, 51st Troop Carrier Wing was not able to conduct a large-scale glider exercise until mid-June. On 14 June, fifty-four Wacos were flown over 70 miles (110 km) and then released to land at an airfield, and a larger exercise was conducted on 20 June; but even these limited exercises were unrealistic, as they were conducted in broad daylight.[12] The British glider pilots themselves also caused difficulties; although there were a sufficient number of them to conduct the operation, they were highly inexperienced.[11] Detached from the Glider Pilot Regiment for the operation, they had no experience with the Waco gliders and night operations involving them, as British doctrine had deemed such operations impossible.[11] On average, the pilots had eight hours of flight experience in gliders. Few were rated as being 'operationally ready' and none had combat experience. Colonel George Chatterton, the commander of the Glider Pilot Regiment, had protested their participation as he believed they were entirely unfit for any operation.[15] When the training period for the brigade ended with a total of two exercises completed, the glider pilots had an average of 4.5 hours training in flying the unfamiliar Waco, which included an average of 1.2 hours night training.[16]
The units of the 1st Airlanding Brigade were: the 1st Battalion, Border Regiment, 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance and 9th Field Company, Royal Engineers. The Staffords were tasked with securing the bridge and the area to the south, while the Borders were to capture Syracuse.[17] For the mission the 1st Airlanding Brigade were allocated 136 Waco and eight Horsa gliders.[18] With the shortage of space in the gliders, Wacos could only accommodate fifteen troops, half that of the Horsa, and thus the whole brigade could not be deployed.[nb 2] Six of the Horsas carrying 'A' and 'C' companies from the Staffords were scheduled to land at the bridge at 23:15 on 9 July in a coup-de-main operation.[18] The remainder of the brigade would arrive at 01:15 on 10 July using a number of landing-zones between 1.5 and 3 miles (2.4 and 4.8 km) away, then converge on the bridge to reinforce the defence.[20]
The Ponte Grande Bridge was immediately outside the area defended by the Italian 206 Coastal Division, which would oppose the British seaborne landings. The fortress commander was Rear Admiral Primo Leonardi, with Colonel Mario Damiani in command of the army contingent.[21] The Augusta-Syracuse Naval Fortress Area, which included the Coastal Division, was protected by six medium and six heavy coastal artillery batteries, with eleven additional dual-purpose coastal and anti-aircraft batteries, with six batteries only of anti-aircraft guns. Finally the Fortress contained an armoured train with four 120 mm guns.[21] The army contingent was the 121st Coastal Defence Regiment, which included four battalions. There were also naval and air force battalions available,[21] while the 54 Infantry Division Napoli was in a position to send reinforcements if required.[22]
On 9 July 1943, a small contingent of 2,075 British troops, along with seven jeeps, six anti-tank guns and ten mortars, boarded their gliders in Tunisia and took off at 18:00 bound for Sicily.[20] En route they encountered strong winds, poor visibility and at times were subjected to anti-aircraft fire.[20] To avoid gunfire and searchlights, pilots of the towing aircraft climbed higher or took evasive action. In the confusion surrounding these manoeuvres, some gliders were released too early and sixty-five of them crashed into the sea, drowning around 252 men.[20] Of the remaining gliders only twelve landed at the correct landing-zones. Another fifty-nine landed up to 25 miles (40 km) away while the remainder were either shot down or failed to release and returned to Tunisia.[20]
Only one Horsa with a platoon of infantry from the Staffords landed near the bridge. Its commander Lieutenant Withers divided his men into two groups then swam across the river, one of which took up position on the opposite bank. Thereafter the bridge was captured following a simultaneous assault from both sides. The Italian defenders from the 120th Coastal Infantry Regiment abandoned their pillboxes on the north bank.[23][nb 3] The platoon then dismantled demolition charges that had been fitted to the bridge and dug in to wait for reinforcement or relief.[23] Another Horsa landed roughly 200 yards (180 m) from the bridge but exploded on landing, killing all on board. Three of the other Horsas carrying the coup-de-main party landed within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the bridge—their occupants eventually finding their way to the site.[25] Reinforcements began to arrive at the bridge but by 06:30 they numbered only eighty-seven men.[22]
Elsewhere, about 150 men landed at Cape Murro di Porco and captured a radio station. Based on a warning of imminent glider landings transmitted by the station's previous occupants, the local Italian commander ordered a counter-attack but his troops failed to receive his message. The scattered nature of the landings now worked in the Allies' favour as they were able to cut all telephone wires in the immediate area.[23] The glider carrying the brigade deputy commander Colonel O.L Jones landed beside an Italian coastal artillery battery, and at daylight the staff officers and radio operators attacked and destroyed the battery's five guns and their ammunition dump.[26] Other isolated groups of Allied men tried to aid their comrades, assaulting Italian defences and targeting reinforcements.[27]
The first counter attack at the bridge was by two companies of Italian sailors, who were repulsed by the British. As Italians responded to the Allied landings, they gathered more troops and brought up artillery and mortars to bombard the Allied-controlled Pont Grande Bridge.[22] The British defenders on the bridge came under attack from the Italians while the expected 5th Infantry Division relief did not appear at 10:00 as planned.[28] At 11:30 the Italian 385th Coastal Battalion arrived at the bridge followed soon after by the 1st Battalion, 75th (Napoli) Infantry Regiment. The Italians were positioned to attack the bridge from three sides. By 14:45 there were only fifteen British troops defending the bridge that had not been killed or wounded. At 15:30, with their ammunition consumed, the British stopped fighting. Some men on the south side of the bridge escaped into the countryside, but the rest became prisoners of war, captured by the Italians.[22] With the bridge back in Italian hands, the first unit from 5th Infantry Division the Royal Scots Fusiliers arrived at the bridge at 16:15 and mounted a successful counter-attack,[28] which had been made possible by the prior removal of demolition charges from the bridge, preventing its destruction by the Italians.[28] The survivors from the 1st Airlanding Brigade took no further part in the fighting and were withdrawn back to North Africa on 13 July.[29] During the landings, the losses by 1st Airlanding Brigade were the more severe of all British units involved.[30] The casualties amounted to 313 killed and 174 missing or wounded.[29] Fourteen accompanying glider pilots were killed, and eighty-seven were missing or wounded.[29]
After an enquiry into the problems with the airborne missions in Sicily, the British Army and Royal Air Force submitted recommendations in the aftermath of Operation Ladbroke.[31] Aircrew were to be trained in parachute and glider operations, and pathfinders were to be landed before the main force had to set out their beacons.[31] The landing plan was simplified with complete brigades landing on a drop zone, instead of the smaller battalion landing areas used in Sicily.[31] Gliders were no longer released at night while still over water, and their landing zones would be large enough to accommodate the aircraft with room to spare.[32] Following a friendly fire incident over an Allied convoy, more training was given to ships crews in aircraft recognition and Allied aircraft were painted with three large white stripes.[33] Training for pilots belonging to the Glider Pilot Regiment was increased, and improvements to the gliders were implemented, including better inter-aircraft communication.[34] To provide another method of delivering jeeps and artillery guns by air, the air force started experimenting on how to parachute them into combat, the jeeps and guns being carried in large bomb bays of the aircraft.[35] A second Royal Air Force transport group, No. 46, was formed and equipped solely with C-47 Dakotas, instead of the mixture of aircraft in Group No. 38.[36] Together, the Royal Air Force groups were capable of supplying eighty-eight Albermarles, eighty-eight Stirlings, thirty-six Halifaxes and 150 Dakotas, a total of 362 planes which did not include aircraft held as reserves.[36][nb 4]